Countries
Nations that have managed their resource wealth well, and where Mongolia stands today.
- Benchmark · East AsiaMongoliaPassed a wealth fund law and opened an account for every citizen; the spending rule and independent management are still unsettled.
- Model country · EuropeNorwaySpends only the fund's expected real return (about 3% a year), never the capital.
- Model country · Latin AmericaChileBudgets on the long-term copper price and shares US$450m of royalties a year with regions by formula.
- Model country · AfricaBotswanaA 50:50 joint venture with De Beers; raised its share of sales from 25% to 50%, but did not diversify enough.
- Model country · North AmericaAlaska (US)Pays every resident a yearly cash dividend from fund returns (US$1,200 in 2026); the amount has become political.
- Model country · AfricaTanzaniaTook a 16% free carried stake in Barrick's mines and splits economic benefits 50/50, reconciled every year.
- Model country · Southeast AsiaIndonesiaBought 51% of Freeport's local unit for US$3.85 billion and tied the extension to a smelter at home.
- Model country · PacificAustralia (Western Australia)Ratifies every major mine agreement as an Act of Parliament and publishes the full text.